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Youth Unemployment in EU and Policies to Reduce It
Nr. | Chapter | Page. |
INTRODUCTION | 4 | |
1. | YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN EU | 5 |
1.1. | YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT TRENDS | 6 |
1.2. | CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT | 6 |
1.2.1. | EDUCATION | 6 |
1.2.2. | YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN LABOUR FORCE | 7 |
1.2.3. | SEGMENTATION OF THE LABOUR MARKET | 7 |
1.2.3. | EFFECTIVENESS (OR NOT) OF LABOUR MARKET POLICIES | 7 |
1.2.4. | DISCOURAGED WORKER EFFECT | 8 |
2. | POLICIES AND ACTIVITIES | 9 |
2.1. | YOUTH GUARANTEE | 9 |
2.2. | EUROPEAN ALLIANCE FOR APPRENTICESHIPS | 9 |
2.3. | YOUTH EMPLOYMENT INITIATIVE (YEI) | 10 |
2.4. | YOUTH ON THE MOVE | 10 |
2.5. | YOUR FIRST EURES JOB (YfEJ) | 10 |
3. | YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN SPAIN | 12 |
3.1. | CURRENT SITUATION | 12 |
3.2. | CAUSES | 13 |
3.3. | 15 MEASURES TO FIGHT THE YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT | 15 |
4. | YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN LATVIA | 16 |
4.1. | A LIST OF MEASURES TAKEN AND OBJECTIVES SET FOR LATVIA AT THE START OF PROGRAMME | 17 |
4.1.1. | YOUTH-RELATED MEASURES CURRENTLY IN PLACE IN LATVIA | 17 |
4.1.2. | THREE ESF CO-FUNDED PROJECTS TO FACILITATE TRAINEESHIPS AND APPRENTICESHIPS | 17 |
4.1.3. | EARLY INTERVENTION AND ACTIVATION MEASURES | 18 |
4.1.4. | LABOUR MARKET INTEGRATION MEASURES, INCLUDING SUBSIDIES TO EMPLOYERS | 18 |
5. | YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN ITALY | 19 |
5.1. | CURRENT SITUATION | 19 |
5.2. | CAUSES | 21 |
5.3. | POTENTIAL EXPLANATIONS AND MEASURES TO FIGHT THE YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN ITALY. | 22 |
CONCLUSIONS | 23 | |
LIST OF SOURCES | 24 |
CONCLUSIONS
1. Definition of youth perhaps changes with circumstances, especially with the changes in demographic, financial, economic and socio-cultural settings; however, the definition that uses 15-24 age cohort as youth fairly serves its statistical purposes for assessing the needs of the young people and providing guidelines for youth development.
2. As youth age group is more complex than others, mainly because of transitions that has life changing character throughout this period, there is need for more specific approach towards the problem of the youth unemployment as well.
3. There are many employment policies for young people, however their existance may change the unemployment rates in some regions or countries, but the policies should not be taken for granted, and every young person should understand that and take matters into their own hands, and search for a job independently.
4. Although not a major problem in all EU states, popularity of vocational education is lacking in a large part of them. Possibly work on policies that would not only support education process and search for a job in vocational fields, but also support those already working – salaries, working conditions, hours, social security etc.
5. Spanish's labour market fail has a lot to do with an ineficient education system, which has over-generated university degrees and forgotten vocational training, annuling the effect of education over the decreasing of temporality.
6. Hopefully the next step will be to explicitly address the difficulties that young workers experience when transitioning from school to work.
…
Young people should be set as a priority for European Union’s social vision, and the current crisis compounds the need to sustain the young human capital, so there are many policies implemented with intention to fight the youth unemployment problem.
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